• login shell: A login shell logs you into the system as a specific user, necessary for this is a username and password. When you hit ctrl+alt+F1 to login into a virtual terminal you get after successful login: a login shell (that is interactive). Sourced files:

  • /etc/profile and ~/.profile for Bourne compatible shells (and /etc/profile.d/*)
  • ~/.bash_profile for bash
  • /etc/zprofile and ~/.zprofile for zsh
  • /etc/csh.login and ~/.login for csh

• non-login shell: A shell that is executed without logging in, necessary for this is a current logged in user. When you open a graphic terminal in gnome it is a non-login (interactive) shell. Sourced files:

  • /etc/bashrc and ~/.bashrc for bash

• interactive shell: A shell (login or non-login) where you can interactively type or interrupt commands. For example a gnome terminal (non-login) or a virtual terminal (login). In an interactive shell the prompt variable must be set ($PS1). Sourced files:

  • /etc/profile and ~/.profile
  • /etc/bashrc or /etc/bash.bashrc for bash

• non-interactive shell: A (sub)shell that is probably run from an automated process you will see neither input nor output when the calling process don’t handle it. That shell is normally a non-login shell, because the calling user has logged in already. A shell running a script is always a non-interactive shell, but the script can emulate an interactive shell by prompting the user to input values. Sourced files:

  • /etc/bashrc or /etc/bash.bashrc for bash (but, mostly you see this at the beginning of the script: [ -z "$PS1" ] && return. That means don’t do anything if it’s a non-interactive shell).
  • depending on shell; some of them read the file in the $ENV variable.

— bash - login/non-login and interactive/non-interactive shells - Unix & Linux Stack Exchange